Author: Angela Grassi, MS, RDN, LDN
Polycystic ovary syndrome puts older women at
increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes following
menopause. Helping clients and patients make lasting dietary and lifestyle
changes can improve their health and lower their risk of chronic disease.
Once referred to as the “medical black hole,” the
transition from the childbearing years to menopause largely has been ignored in
women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder.
The majority of studies on PCOS have examined the
reproductive and metabolic disturbances of women of reproductive age, yet PCOS
is a chronic condition the medical community realizes must be managed
throughout a woman’s life.
This article reviews the research that’s been presented
thus far regarding aging women with PCOS as well as the associated changes in
hormones, body composition, and metabolic parameters that occur. Strategies to
implement medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and improve nutrition counseling also
are discussed.
What Is PCOS?
PCOS is a hormonal imbalance characterized by high levels of androgens (i.e., male hormones such as testosterone) from the ovaries and is associated with insulin resistance. Small cysts called poly cysts usually, but not always, surround the ovaries and appear as a strand of pearls on an ultrasound examination. The cysts result from but don’t cause hormonal imbalances.
The overproduction of androgens in women causes excessive
hair growth on their face and body (hirsutism), alopecia, acne, skin problems,
and irregular or absent periods. The majority of women with PCOS who are
insulin resistant will experience weight gain in the abdominal area, difficulty
losing weight, intense cravings for carbohydrates, and hypoglycemic episodes.
Now that more is known about the syndrome and the
influence of insulin on the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease (CVD), changes in PCOS beyond the reproductive years is
getting more attention. For example, panelists from the 2012 National
Institutes of Health Evidence-Based Methodology Workshop on PCOS proposed
changing the syndrome’s name to one that doesn’t just focus on the ovaries but
represents the long-term health implications associated with the syndrome.
Moreover, longitudinal studies have been conducted with
postmenopausal women who were first studied 20 to 30 years ago to examine
changes in PCOS presentation associated with age. Several studies have
attempted to answer questions about PCOS and aging, such as whether the
syndrome gets worse or improves after menopause and whether it can be cured or
it simply disappears. Fortunately, these studies have successfully answered
these questions.
Aging’s Effect on Reproductive Hormones
As women age and transition through menopause, estrogen levels naturally decrease. But what effect does aging and declining estrogen have on reproductive hormones for women with PCOS?
According to new research, it appears that reproductive
hormones in women with PCOS differ from women who don’t have PCOS after
menopause. In fact, the reproductive life span in women with PCOS has been
found to extend beyond that of women without PCOS due to higher adrenal and
ovarian androgen levels.
Surprisingly, women with PCOS are more likely to
experience regular menstrual cycles as they age because of the natural decline
in androgen levels that occurs in response to menopause. For some women who
struggle with infertility, they may have a higher likelihood of pregnancy as
they get older.
Constant long-term exposure to elevated androgen levels
in women with PCOS can have a lasting effect on excessive facial and body hair,
hair loss, and even balding that extends past menopause. Although older women
with PCOS reported fewer hot flashes and episodes of sweating compared with
women without PCOS, they also reported significantly more hirsutism (64% vs.
9%).7 These dermatological effects can be detrimental to a woman’s self-esteem
and body image.
Knowledge of the hormonal changes and their impact on
symptoms and self-image can help dietitians empathize with and more effectively
counsel older clients and patients with PCOS.
Body Composition
Only a handful of studies have examined how PCOS affects body composition in older women. Schmidt and colleagues measured the height, weight, and waist circumference of women aged 61 to 79 with and without PCOS and found that as women in both groups aged, they lost height and had greater waist-to-hip ratios. Women with PCOS maintained their weight as they got older, whereas women without the condition gained weight as they aged. The higher waist-to-hip ratios seen when the women with PCOS were premenopausal disappeared after menopause unlike the weight gain shown among the women without PCOS. The women with PCOS also experienced greater increases in BMI due to their loss in height, supporting similar findings of earlier research.
Elevated waist circumference is associated with an
increased risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and CVD in women with
PCOS. In addition, increased waist circumference and BMI can negatively impact
body image, affect self-esteem, and increase the risk of depression in this
population.
Metabolic Changes with Age
Several studies have shown that as women with PCOS age, their risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes rises, stressing the need for early detection and aggressive treatment of the syndrome.
CVD Risk
A study published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism showed that postmenopausal women with PCOS had greater inflammation than women without PCOS as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and that these levels worsened with age.
Moreover, lipid metabolism worsens as women with PCOS
age, especially with regard to triglyceride and HDL concentrations. In a study,
LDL cholesterol levels were found to be similar for middle-aged women with and
without PCOS, although HDL was reduced and triglyceride levels were higher.
These findings support those of other researchers who demonstrated an
unfavorable lipid profile (e.g., elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL
concentrations) in postmenopausal women with the syndrome.
Glucose, Insulin Metabolism, and Type 2 Diabetes
Risk
A study published in Diabetes showed that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women with PCOS was 6.8 times higher than that of the general female population of similar age. Women who had a greater waist circumference, BMI, or family history of diabetes had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
Boudreaux and colleagues found that obese women with PCOS had a fivefold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with age-adjusted controls, indicating that BMI and obesity may be important factors in the development of type 2 diabetes in women with PCOS.
It has been suggested that there’s a rapid progression
from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in women with PCOS, and that
type 2 diabetes may occur earlier than expected compared with the general
population. Because of the elevated risk of developing diabetes, the Androgen
Excess and PCOS Society recommends screening for impaired glucose tolerance and
type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test every two years in
women with PCOS who have normal glucose levels and annually in those with
elevated glucose levels.
Early detection and treatment of impaired glucose
tolerance with lifestyle changes and insulin-sensitizing medications (e.g.,
metformin) are crucial to prevent further health complications in the PCOS
population.
MNT for Older Women With PCOS
Clearly, women with PCOS face lifelong health risks extending beyond the reproductive years. According to a study by Talbott and colleagues, “The implication is that the menopausal transition coupled with a lifelong increase in cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hyperinsulinemia, increased LDL and decreased HDLT) continues to create an adverse environment and a process in women with PCOS that outpaces those of non-PCOS women.”16 Dietitians can provide nutrition counseling and education to older women with the syndrome to help them make positive changes in their eating habits and subsequently reduce their disease risk and improve their health.
Weight loss of 5% to 10% of total body weight has been
shown to improve both reproductive and metabolic parameters associated with
PCOS.17 In fact, a range of potential dietary approaches have had favorable
effects on weight loss and metabolic parameters in PCOS. One approach involves
modifying the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) to minimize the rise
in insulin and glucose from food. Blueberries and apples, for example, are
low-GI fruits that don’t raise insulin and glucose levels to the degree that
high-GI bananas or pineapples do.
Marsh and colleagues compared the effects of a low-GI
diet with a conventional diet (e.g., high-fiber and moderate-to-high GI breads
and cereals) in 96 women with PCOS without caloric restriction for 12 months.
Those who followed the low-GI diet had significantly increased menstrual regularity
(95% vs. 63% on a conventional diet) and insulin sensitivity. Women with high
insulin levels at the start of the study experienced a twofold greater
reduction in body fat following the low-GI diet compared with those on the
conventional diet.
Other nutrition strategies for PCOS involve modifying
carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake or using meal replacements (e.g.,
nutrition bars and drinks). A study in The American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition showed a high-protein diet (greater than 40% of
calories from protein) without caloric restriction resulted in greater weight
loss (7.7 kg vs. 3.3 kg, or roughly 17 lbs vs. 7 lbs) and body fat loss despite
the lack of caloric reduction.19 In addition, those following a high-protein
diet saw greater reductions in waist circumference and decreases in glucose
than those following the standard protein diet.
The researchers suggested that the high-protein diet
group lost more weight because of the satisfying effects of protein on
appetite—that is, the women may have felt more satisfied and less hungry when
eating a high-protein diet so they consumed less food overall.
Since older women with PCOS have been shown to have high
CRP levels, they may benefit from a diet that emphasizes anti-inflammatory
foods, including fiber-rich foods (e.g., whole grains, fruits, vegetables), red
wine, and omega-3 fats (e.g., fatty fish, walnuts, egg yolks). But studies
examining the optimal diet composition specifically for older women with the
syndrome are needed.
There’s no conclusive evidence that one dietary strategy
is superior to another in achieving long-term weight loss and metabolic
improvement, but what’s clear is that older women with PCOS require MNT
interventions to prevent or improve metabolic abnormalities and reduce the risk
of chronic diseases such as CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Dietary Supplements
Additional options for older women with PCOS include dietary supplements, which have been reported to improve insulin sensitivity as well as metabolic and reproductive parameters. Taking 1.2 to 4 g daily of myo-inositol, for example, has been shown to enhance insulin resistance and lipid and CRP levels. It also has been shown to improve egg quality and reduce the risk of gestational diabetes in women with PCOS.
Supplementation with magnesium was shown to improve
glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight individuals without diabetes.23
The antioxidant and amino acid n-acetylcysteine (1.8 g daily) was shown to
improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile equally as well as metformin in
women with PCOS. Cinnamon (1 to 6 g daily) and alpha-lipoic acid (1,200 mg
daily) also have been found to have insulin-sensitizing properties. Clients and
patients can purchase these supplements over the counter.
Omega-3 fatty acids offer numerous health benefits to
women with PCOS. They can reduce inflammation, lower triglycerides, enhance
mood, and improve hirsutism and insulin resistance. In a study published in
the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, overweight women
with PCOS were given 1,500 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily for six months. BMI,
insulin, and testosterone levels decreased significantly during treatment.
Optimal amounts of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation range from 1 to 4 g
daily.
Barriers to Nutrition Counseling and Weight Management
While MNT and various supplements may improve the health and well-being of older women with PCOS, dietitians may encounter unique challenges when counseling them.
Aging women with PCOS who have struggled with their
weight for most of their lives may be chronic dieters, having followed numerous
different regimens in the past. As a result, they may distrust their ability to
self-regulate food intake and engage in distorted eating practices, such as
restricting, binging, purging, using diet pills and laxatives, or excessively
exercising, potentially adding to the pathogenesis of PCOS. These women also
may hold negative and false food beliefs that need to be addressed in nutrition
counseling sessions. It’s imperative that dietitians screen patients with PCOS
for eating disorders before recommending changes in eating behavior.
There are several physiological factors that may pose
specific barriers to weight management in the PCOS population. Since insulin is
a growth hormone and an appetite stimulant, high insulin levels or insulin
resistance may predispose women with PCOS to gain weight or make losing weight
more challenging. It’s not uncommon to hear women with PCOS admit to having
strong cravings for sweets or other carbohydrate-rich foods, even immediately
after finishing a meal. Older women with PCOS may find it particularly more
difficult to manage insulin levels and lose weight than younger women with the
syndrome, as insulin levels have been shown to worsen with age. It also has
been suggested that women with PCOS have impaired appetite regulation, with
abnormal levels of the hunger- and satiety-signaling hormones leptin, ghrelin,
and cholecystokinin, posing additional weight management challenges.
Research Overview
It’s now evident that PCOS doesn’t disappear as women get older. Reproductive hormones in women with PCOS differ from those in women without PCOS after menopause. Most importantly, inflammatory and metabolic parameters worsen with age, putting women with PCOS at increased risk of life-long health issues beyond menopause, especially the risk of developing CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Nutrition management for older women with PCOS should
take into account the risk of long-term complications associated with the
disease. This supports the need for treatment involving dietary and lifestyle
modifications and insulin sensitizers in older women with PCOS who have
metabolic complications. Early detection and proactive treatment of PCOS are
crucial to prevent the long-term metabolic consequences associated with this
complex syndrome. Thus, dietitians play an important role in the management of
PCOS.
